this necessitates the selection and separation from the rest of those who have to take the helm in
political affairs； to decide； concerning them； and to give orders to other citizens； with a view to the
execution of their plans。 If； e。g。； even the people in a Democracy resolve on a war； a general must
head the army。 It is only by a Constitution that the abstraction … the State … attains life and reality；
but this involves the distinction between those who mand and those who obey。 … Yet
obedience seems inconsistent with liberty； and those who mand appear to do the very
opposite of that which the fundamental idea of the State； viz。 that of Freedom； requires。 It is；
however； urged that； … though the distinction between manding and obeying is absolutely
necessary； because affairs could not go on without it … and indeed this seems only a pulsory
limitation； external to and even contravening freedom in the abstract … the constitution should be at
least so framed； that the citizens may obey as little as possible； and the smallest modicum of free
volition be left to the mands of the superiors； … that the substance of that for which
subordination is necessary； even in its most important bearings； should be decided and resolved on
by the People … by the will of many or of all the citizens； though it is supposed to be thereby
provided that the State should be possessed of vigour and strength as a reality … an individual
unity。 … The primary consideration is； then； the distinction between the governing and the governed；
and political constitutions in the abstract have been rightly divided into Monarchy； Aristocracy；
and Democracy； which gives occasion； however；